Antonio CANOVA (Possagno, 1757-Venise, 1822), atelier de. - Emperor Napoleon I (circa 1806).
Colossal marble bust on pedestal (small chips).
H. 90 cm.
History
Antonio Canova was born in Possagno, in the province of Treviso, in 1757, the son of an architect. He lost his father at an early age, and was taught the rudiments of sculpture by his grandfather, a stonemason. He later became a pupil of Torreto, whom he followed to Venice in 1769. There, he produced his first sculptures: Orpheus and Eurydice, Apollo and Daphne, then Daedalus and Icarus. Admitted to the Académie in 1779, he moved to Rome, which was to become the center of his dazzling career. In 1783, Canova met Quatremère de Quincy, the most severe theorist of the return to Antiquity, who became his friend and mentor. He trained himself to achieve Greek purity and perfection in his work. After much negotiation, he finally accepted Napoleon's offer to come to Paris at the end of 1802. It was during this visit that he conceived the statue of Napoleon as the peacemaker Mars, and after many posing sessions, he modeled a clay bust of the Emperor, from which he made a plaster cast that served as the basis for the final statue. The most renowned sculptor of his time in Italy, he became one of the Emperor's favorite artists. He died in Venice on October 13, 1922.
The colossal bust of Napoleon I
The model for this bust was made by Antonio Canova for a commission he received in 1801 from the provisional government of the Cisalpine Republic, expressed by Giovanni Battista Sommariva, to decorate the foro Bonaparte. The idea was to sculpt a Napoleon crowned by Victory, as desired by Antolini, the forum's architect. However, Canova soon imposed his idea of adorning the whole with a colossal statue of Napoleon as a disarmed, peacemaking Mars (ill.1). Despite the abandonment of the foro Bonaparte project, Canova went ahead with this work for Napoleon. Although the latter assigned a political role to artistic productions, he limited his directives when commissioning Canova, stating that "one does not impose laws on genius". Concerned, however, by the statue's total nudity, the artist reassured him that a heroic statue could not be presented in any other way. Special attention was paid to Napoleon's head, which Canova worked to improve, tilting it slightly to the right and accentuating Bonaparte's antique aesthetic. In so doing, he enhanced the First Consul's features, turning him into an ancient hero who was already approaching the figure of the Roman emperor. Completed in the spring of 1803, the sculpture of the head was the subject of numerous copies by Canova, which he entrusted to sculptors such as Callamard and Labourreur, as well as to personalities of the regime such as Dominique-Vivant Denon. The statue was completed in 1806, but was first presented to the Emperor in 1811 in the Salle des hommes illustres of the Musée Napoléon. The complete nudity of the sculpture clashed with the principle of decency advocated by the sovereign, who was dissatisfied with the representation and ordered that it be hidden behind a partition and that no comment be made by the press. However, busts made from the statue did not pose this problem, and were widely distributed throughout the Empire in the manner of Augustus.
This bust is an idealized, even divinized image of Napoleon. Perfectly in keeping with the codes of ancient statuary, it corresponds to the Greek and Roman canons of beauty. A heroic beauty reminiscent of the classical style of Greek statuary emanates from the sublimated features, while the slightly furrowed brow is marked by a wrinkle evoking Roman gravitas and presaging future representations of the Roman emperor. The carefully sculpted eyes gaze into the distance, towards conquests and the future. Enhanced cheekbones at the end of a square jawline give the face a virile, antique beauty. Napoleon's future imperial power emanates from this bust, which magnifies him and confers on him the title of conqueror and sovereign.
Related works
- Antonio Canova, Statue de Napoléon en Mars pacificateur, 1806, Apsley House, London, inv. WM.1442-1948 (ill. 1).
- Antonio Canova, Buste colossal de Napoléon, marble, early 19th century, Devonshire collection, Chatsworth.
- Antonio Canova, Buste colossal de Napoléon, early 19th century, Palazzo Pitti, Florence, inv. 0034588 (ill. 2).
- Antonio Canova, Buste colossal de Napoléon, early 19th century, Musée du Louvre, inv. RF1986 (ill. 3)
- After Antonio Canova, Bust
Estim. 60,000 - 80,000 EUR